Leukemia

Types of Leukemia

Leukemia is classified into several forms based on the progression rate and the type of affected cells:

• Acute leukemia — progresses rapidly and requires immediate treatment. More often diagnosed in children but also occurs in adults.

• Chronic leukemia — develops slowly and may be asymptomatic in the early stages.

• Myeloid leukemia — affects the cells responsible for producing granulocytes.

• Lymphoid leukemia — involves lymphocytes and their precursors.

Correct identification of the disease type is crucial in choosing the right treatment strategy.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact causes of leukemia are not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified:

• exposure to ionizing radiation;

• prolonged contact with chemicals (benzene, solvents);

• previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy;

• genetic mutations and hereditary predisposition;

• viral infections (e.g., HTLV-I);

• Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities.

However, leukemia can also develop in individuals without these risk factors.

Symptoms of Leukemia

In the early stages, symptoms may be nonspecific. As the disease progresses, the following may occur:

• persistent weakness and fatigue;

• unexplained bruising and bleeding;

• frequent infections;

• elevated body temperature;

• bone and joint pain;

• enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver;

• pale skin and mucous membranes.

The presence of such symptoms requires urgent medical attention and blood tests.

Diagnosis of Leukemia

A comprehensive approach is used to confirm the diagnosis:

• complete blood count and biochemistry — detect reduced levels of normal cells and the presence of blasts;

• myelogram — bone marrow examination to accurately identify the form of leukemia;

• immunophenotyping — determines the type and maturity of cells;

• cytogenetic analysis — detects chromosomal abnormalities;

• PCR and molecular genetic tests — clarify mutations and prognosis.

Only after full diagnostics can treatment begin, tailored to the specific type of leukemia.

Leukemia Treatment

Leukemia treatment includes several approaches and is selected individually based on the disease form, patient's age, and general health condition.

The most commonly used methods are:

• chemotherapy — the primary treatment method. Involves drug combinations that suppress the growth of leukemic cells. It may consist of several phases: induction, consolidation, and maintenance therapy.

• bone marrow transplantation — used in resistant cases or after relapse. Helps restore normal blood cell formation.

• targeted therapy — prescribed in the presence of specific mutations. These drugs selectively affect abnormal cells.

• radiation therapy — applied when the central nervous system or spleen is affected.

In some cases, symptomatic therapy is also provided: blood transfusions, antibiotics, and medications to support organ function.

CAR-T Therapy for Leukemia

CAR-T therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy) is an innovative immunotherapy method in which a patient’s own T-cells are modified to recognize and destroy cancer cells. This method is especially effective in refractory and relapsing cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), particularly in children and young adults.

Advantages of CAR-T therapy:

• high remission rates even in resistant forms of the disease;

• targeted action on cancer cells;

• possibility to avoid repeated chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation.

CAR-T therapy requires an individualized approach, high-tech laboratories, and specialized centers, which limits its availability. However, in Russia, this method is gradually being introduced in major scientific and clinical centers.

Prognosis and Chances of Recovery

The prognosis for leukemia depends on the type of the disease, its stage, genetic characteristics of the tumor, and response to treatment.

In children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, complete remission is achieved in most cases. In adults, treatment outcomes have also improved significantly thanks to modern drugs and a comprehensive approach.

Early initiation of therapy and strict adherence to medical recommendations significantly increase the chances of long-term improvement and, in some cases, complete recovery.

Rehabilitation After Treatment

After achieving remission, patients require long-term monitoring. Rehabilitation includes:

• regular follow-up with a hematologist;

• laboratory monitoring;

• immune system recovery;

• psychological support;

• nutrition aimed at strengthening the body;

• relapse prevention.

The recovery period may last from several months to several years, especially after transplantation.

Leukemia Treatment in Russia

Russian oncohematology centers offer modern approaches to leukemia treatment, including:

• full diagnostics with molecular-genetic profiling;

• personalized chemotherapy protocols;

• bone marrow transplantation (autologous and allogeneic);

• targeted therapy and biological drugs;

• CAR-T therapy (in national medical centers and clinical programs).

Treatment follows international protocols using certified medications. Qualified doctors and high-tech infrastructure ensure a high standard of medical care.

Medical Centers Specializing in Leukemia Treatment:

N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology (Moscow)
A leading scientific and clinical center with a department of oncohematology. Offers bone marrow transplantation, CAR-T therapy, and treatment of acute and chronic leukemia in adults and children.

EMC Clinic (European Medical Center, Moscow)
A private clinic with a modern oncohematology unit. Provides targeted and chemotherapy treatment, molecular-genetic diagnostics, and access to consultations with international experts.

MEDSI Clinic on Krasnaya Presnya (Moscow)
A full-cycle oncohematology center. Offers diagnostics, chemotherapy, inpatient and outpatient care. Facilities include a day hospital and PET-CT.

Approximate Treatment Costs in Russia:

• Initial consultation with a hematologist + blood and biochemistry tests — from $90

• Myelogram (bone marrow puncture) — from $150

• Molecular genetic testing (PCR, NGS) — from $320

• Chemotherapy course (1 cycle) — from $770

• Bone marrow transplantation (autologous) — from $15,000

• Allogeneic donor transplantation — from $23,000

• CAR-T therapy (within clinical programs) — by individual request (may be covered by government quotas or sponsorship programs)

Costs depend on the clinic, treatment plan, and patient's condition. Most centers offer commercial treatment options for international patients.

How the MARUS Platform Helps

The MARUS platform supports international patients who need leukemia diagnosis and treatment in Russia. The service helps select a specialized clinic, arrange expert consultations, prepare documents, and organize the trip. MARUS assists the patient at every stage — from the initial inquiry to the end of treatment. Through cooperation with leading oncohematology centers in Russia, leukemia treatment becomes accessible, safe, and well-coordinated, regardless of the patient's country of residence.